Intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in childhood, FADS genotype, and incident asthma
Talaei M, Sdona E, Calder P, Jones L, Emmett P, Granell R, Bergström A, Melén E, Shaheen S (2021) The European respiratory journal Jan 28;2003633 doi: 10.1183/13993003.03633-2020. Online ahead of print.
Abstract:
Longitudinal evidence on the relation between dietary intake of n-3 (omega-3) very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in mid-childhood and asthma risk is scarce. We aimed to investigate whether a higher intake of EPA and DHA from fish in childhood is associated with a lower risk of incident asthma.In the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, dietary intakes of EPA and DHA from fish were estimated by food frequency questionnaire at 7 years of age. We used logistic regression, controlling for confounders, to analyse associations between intake of EPA and DHA (quartiles) and incidence of doctor-diagnosed asthma at age 11 or 14 years, and explored potential effect modification by a fatty acid desaturase (FADS) polymorphism (rs1535). Replication was sought in the Swedish BAMSE birth cohort.
There was no evidence of association between intake of EPA plus DHA from fish and incident asthma overall (n=4543). However, when stratified by FADS genotype, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) comparing top versus bottom quartile amongst the 2025 minor G allele carriers was 0.49 (0.31-0.79) (p-trend 0.006), but no inverse association was observed in the homozygous major A allele group (odds ratio 1.43, 95% confidence interval 0.83-2.46, p-trend 0.19) (p-interaction 0.006).
This gene-nutrient interaction on incident asthma was replicated in BAMSE.In children with a common FADS variant, higher intake of EPA and DHA from fish in childhood was strongly associated with a lower risk of incident asthma up to mid-adolescence.
FAB RESEARCH COMMENT:
This study shows that for some children and adolescents, their risks of asthma are significantly lower if their diet provides higher intakes of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA from fish and seafood.Importantly, this was only true for children with a particular genotype, which previous research has already shown to be associated with poorer conversion of short- to long-chain omega-3 (and omega-6) fatty acids within the body.
While short-chain omega-3 (and omega-6) fatty acids are found in vegetable and seed oils, their conversion within the body into the longer-chain forms - which are biologically essential for immune, cardiovascular and brain health - is limited by many factors, including genetic individual differences.
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