The case for omega-3 supplementation to lower aggression
Omega-3 supplementation reduces aggression in both children and adults, according to a rigorous meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
FAB RESEARCH COMMENT:
Can omega-3 supplements reduce aggression?Yes, according to a new and rigorous review and meta-analysis of 29 controlled clinical trials, led by one of the world's leading experts in the neurobiology of aggression and violence.
Supplementation with the long-chain omega-3 found in fish and seafood (EPA and DHA) was found to reduce aggressive behaviour in both children and adults.
Importantly, increasing omega-3 intakes reduces both 'reactive' aggression (i.e. in response to a provocation) and 'proactive' (planned) aggression.
Worldwide, dietary intakes of omega-3 EPA and DHA have fallen significantly over recent decades, owing to declining fish and seafood consumption, and the virtual absence of these fats in the ultra-processed foods that now dominate modern, western-type diets.
In all developed and most developing countries, intakes and blood levels of these fatty acids are seriously suboptimal compared with the amounts needed just for physical health (low EPA/DHA status is robustly linked with increased risks for heart disease and stroke, allergies and immune disorders and most other 'non-communicable diseases').
But omega-3 EPA and DHA are particularly needed for healthy brain development and function - as the brain is 60% fat - and these special polyunsaturated fats play critical roles not only in the structure of all brain and nerve cells, but in the regulation of cell signalling via numerous different mechanisms, affecting human mood and emotional regulation, behaviour and ability to learn.
Aggression, violence and other forms of antisocial behaviour have massive negative impacts not only on the individuals and families affected, but on wider society.
As the lead author says:
"the time has come to implement omega-3 supplementation to reduce aggression, irrespective of whether the setting is the community, the clinic, or the criminal justice system,"
"Omega-3 is not a magic bullet that is going to completely solve the problem of violence in society. But can it help? Based on these findings, we firmly believe it can, and we should start to act on the new knowledge we have."
As he also points out, this intervention is not only effective, but it is also remarkably safe, simple and low-cost - and has benefits for general health. What's more, it can be used in addition to any other forms of intervention.
For more details of this research, see:
See also:
And for more information on this subject, see also the following collections of articles, which are frequently updated:
People who regularly eat fish or take fish oil supplements are getting omega-3 fatty acids, which play a critical role in brain function. Research has long shown a basis in the brain for aggressive and violent behavior, and that poor nutrition is a risk factor for behavior problems.
Penn neurocriminologist Adrian Raine has for years been studying whether omega-3 supplementation could therefore reduce aggressive behavior, publishing five randomized controlled trials from different countries. He found significant effects but wanted to know whether these findings extended beyond his laboratory.
Now, Raine has found further evidence for the efficacy of omega-3 supplementation by conducting a meta-analysis of 29 randomized controlled trials. It shows modest short-term effects—he estimates this intervention translates to a 30% reduction in aggression—across age, gender, diagnosis, treatment duration, and dosage.
Raine is the lead author of a new paper published in the journal Aggressive and Violent Behavior, with Lia Brodrick of the Perelman School of Medicine.
"I think the time has come to implement omega-3 supplementation to reduce aggression, irrespective of whether the setting is the community, the clinic, or the criminal justice system," Raine says. "Omega-3 is not a magic bullet that is going to completely solve the problem of violence in society. But can it help? Based on these findings, we firmly believe it can, and we should start to act on the new knowledge we have."
He notes that omega-3 also has benefits for treating heart disease and hypertension, and it is inexpensive and safe to use.
"At the very least, parents seeking treatment for an aggressive child should know that in addition to any other treatment that their child receives, an extra portion or two of fish each week could also help," Raine says.
This meta-analysis shows that omega-3 reduced both reactive aggression, which is behavior in response to a provocation, and proactive aggression, which is planned.
The study included 35 independent samples from 29 studies conducted in 19 independent laboratories from 1996 to 2024 with 3,918 participants. It found statistically significant effects whether averaging effect sizes by study, independent sample, or by laboratory.
Only one of the 19 labs followed up with participations after supplementation ended, so the analysis focused on changes in aggression from beginning to end of treatment for experimental and control groups, a period averaging 16 weeks. "While there is value in knowing whether omega-3 reduces aggression in the short-term," the paper states, "the next step will be to evaluate whether omega-3 can reduce aggression in the long-term."
The paper notes several other possible avenues for future research, such as determining whether brain imaging shows that omega-3 supplementation enhances prefrontal functioning, whether genetic variation impacts the outcome of omega-3 treatment, and whether self-reported measures of aggression provide stronger evidence for efficacy than observer reports.
"At the very least, we would argue that omega-3 supplementation should be considered as an adjunct to other interventions, whether they be psychological (e.g., CBT) or pharmacological (e.g., risperidone) in nature, and that caregivers are informed of the potential benefits of omega-3 supplementation," the authors write.
They conclude, "We believe the time has come both to execute omega-3 supplementation in practice and also to continue scientifically investigating its longer-term efficacy."
Food and Behaviour Research is a registered charity (No SC034604) and a company limited by guarantee (Co No SC 253448)
Newsletter Signup
Useful Links
Contact Us
FAB Research
23 Carlton Road
Oxford
OX2 7SA
Important Notice
Medical opinion and guidance should always be sought for any symptoms that might possibly reflect a known or suspected disease, disorder or medical condition. Information provided on this website (or by FAB Research via any other means) does not in any way constitute advice on the treatment of any medical condition formally diagnosed or otherwise.
Site by Redstone Websites. Easy to Use Web Content Management. 2024 © All Rights Reserved.